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International Linear Collider to find unifying theory of everything - CNN.comvar cnnCurrTime=new Date(1384521689000),cnnCurrHour=8,cnnCurrMin=21,cnnCurrDay="Fri",cnnIsIntl=true,clickID=212106,cnn_cvpAdpre="edition.",cnnCVPAdSectionT1="edition.cnn.com_technology_idealab_t1",cnnCVPAdSectionInPage="edition.cnn.com_technology_idealab_inpage",cnnShareUrl="%2F2013%2F11%2F05%2Ftech%2Finnovation%2Finternational-linear-collider-higgs%2Findex.html",cnnShareTitle="International%20Linear%20Collider%20will%20search%20for%20\'unifying%20theory%20of%20everything\'",cnnShareDesc="",cnnFirstPub=new Date('Tuesday Nov 5 06:06:24 EST 2013'),cnnSectionName="tech",sectionName="tech",cnnSubSectionName="tch : news",cnnPageType="Story",cnnBrandingValue="sprj.lab";cnnPartnerValue="";cnnOmniBranding="CNN Lab",cnnAuthor="Arion McNicoll, for CNN",disqus_category_id=207582,disqus_identifier="/2013/11/05/tech/innovation/international-linear-collider-higgs/index.html",disqus_title="International Linear Collider will search for \'unifying theory of everything\'",cnn_edtnswtchver="edition",cnnIsStoryPage=true,cnn_metadata = {},cnn_shareconfig = [];cnn_metadata = {section: ["tech","tch : news"],friendly_name: "International Linear Collider will search for \'unifying theory of everything\'",template_type: "content",template_type_content: "gallery",business: {cnn: {page: {author: "Arion McNicoll, for CNN",broadcast_franchise: "",video_embed_count: "0",publish_date: "2013/11/05",photo_gallery: "International Linear Collider will search for \'unifying theory of everything\'"},video: {video_player: ""}}},user: {authenticated: "",segment: {age: "",zip: "",gender: ""}}};if (typeof(cnnOmniPartner) !== "undefined") {if (cnn_metadata.template_type_content === "") {cnn_metadata.template_type_content = "partner";}}var photo_gallery = "International Linear Collider will search for \'unifying theory of everything\'";if(typeof CNN==='undefined'){var CNN=Class.create();}CNN.expandableMap=[''];function _loginOptions(){};var disqus_url=(typeof disqus_identifier!=='undefined') ? 'http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/tech/innovation/international-linear-collider-higgs/index.html' : 'http://www.cnn.com'+location.pathname;cnnad_newTileIDGroup(['970x66_top','300x250_rgt','300x250_rgt2','336x280_rgt','336x850_rgt','300x150_rgt','728x90_top','728x90_bot','BG_Skin','120x90_bot1','120x90_bot2','120x90_bot3']);cnnad_newTileIDGroup(['607x95_adlinks','336x280_adlinks']);
EDITION: INTERNATIONAL U.S. MÉXICO ARABIC TV: CNNi CNN en Español Set edition preference Sign up Log in Home Video World U.S. Africa Asia Europe Latin America Middle East Business World Sport Entertainment Tech Travel iReport /* STORY PAGE SPECIFIC CSS */.cnn_stryspccvrgehdr { background:#fff url('http://i.cdn.turner.com/cnn/.e/img/3.0/mosaic/bg_speccov_hdr.gif') 0px 0px repeat-x; height:74px; overflow:hidden; width:980px; }.cnn_stryspccvrgehdr .cnn_stryspcvh1 { position:relative; height:74px; background:transparent url('http://i.cdn.turner.com/cnn/.element/ssi/story/3.0/banner/sprj.lab.inc/story.jpg') 50% 0 no-repeat;overflow:hidden; width:980px; }.cnn_stryspccvrgebot { height:3px; background:#e6e6e6; font-size:1px; line-height:1px; }.cnn_stryspccvrgehdr .cnn_stryspcvh2 { font:bold 10px/12px arial;color:#666;padding:0 0 2px 0; }.cnn_stryspccvrgehdr .cnn_stryspcvh3 { font-family:arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:18px; line-height:21px; }.cnn_stryspccvrgehdr .cnn_stryspcvh5 { float:right;margin:30px 10px 0 0;display:inline;text-align:right; }.cnn_stryspccvrgehdr .cnn_stryspcvh20 { padding:0 0 2px 0; }.cnn_stryspccvrgehdr .cnn_stryspccvh6 { text-align:center; left:0; width:200px; height:74px; position:relative; margin-left:390px; overflow:hidden; }.cnn_stryspccvrgehdr .cnn_stryspccvh6 a { display:block; margin:0 auto; width:200px; height:74px; }Part of complete coverage onCNN LabsSHARE THISPrintEmailMore sharingRedditStumbleUponDelicious/* push in config for this share instance */cnn_shareconfig.push({"id" : "cnn_sharebar1","url" : "http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/tech/innovation/international-linear-collider-higgs/index.html","title" : "International Linear Collider will search for \'unifying theory of everything\'"});International Linear Collider will search for 'unifying theory of everything'By Arion McNicoll, for CNNNovember 5, 2013 -- Updated 1426 GMT (2226 HKT) | Filed under: Innovationsif (typeof cnnArticleGallery=="undefined"){var cnnArticleGallery={};if(typeof cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList=="undefined"){cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList=[];}}var expGalleryPT00=new ArticleExpandableGallery();expGalleryPT00.setImageCount(17);expGalleryPT00.setAdsRefreshCount(3);//cnn_adbptrackpgalimg("Can we solve the mysteries of the universe?", 1);.cnn_html_slideshow_metadata > .cnn_html_media_utility::before{color:red;content:'>>';font-size:9px;line-height:12px;padding-right:1px}.cnnstrylccimg640{margin:0 27px 14px 0}.captionText{filter:alpha(opacity=100);opacity:1}.cnn_html_slideshow_media_caption a,.cnn_html_slideshow_media_caption a:visited,.cnn_html_slideshow_media_caption a:link,.captionText a,.captionText a:visited,.captiontext a:link{color:#004276;outline:medium none}.cnnVerticalGalleryPhoto{margin:0 auto;padding-right:68px;width:270px}
Deep in the Kitakami Mountains of Japan, a group of impassioned scientists are working on proposals for a revolutionary project: a machine that will hunt for dark matter. The aim of the International Linear Collider (ILC) is to shed light on the mystery of what makes up most of the universe. This problem has been pursued for millennia, but could this machine hold the key? Here, we take a closer look at the ILC and go on a journey through time to look at some of the inventions that led to the most significant breakthroughs in scientific history. Gallery by Monique RivallandcnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":true,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":1,"title":"Can we solve the mysteries of the universe?"}The machine is colossal. Once built, it will consist of two opposing tunnels that run underground for 31km -- over 10 times bigger than the current largest linear particle accelerator in the world. But what is a particle accelerator? Think of it as an atom smasher, a device that propels particles -- in this case electrons and positrons -- towards each other at extremely high speeds (almost the speed of light) so that they collide and create a myriad of other subatomic particles that otherwise might not exist or that we might not be able to see. Observing these particles could teach us critical things about our origins and even uncover entirely new dimensions.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":2,"title":"Atom smasher"}
The machine is colossal. Once built, it will consist of two opposing tunnels that run underground for 31km -- over 10 times bigger than the current largest linear particle accelerator in the world. But what is a particle accelerator? Think of it as an atom smasher, a device that propels particles -- in this case electrons and positrons -- towards each other at extremely high speeds (almost the speed of light) so that they collide and create a myriad of other subatomic particles that otherwise might not exist or that we might not be able to see. Observing these particles could teach us critical things about our origins and even uncover entirely new dimensions.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":2,"title":"Atom smasher"}
Scientists estimate that we remain in the dark about a mind-boggling 96% of the universe. Brian Foster, European Regional Director of the International Collider Collaboration and former professor of physics at Oxford University explained to CNN how the ILC would "recreate the conditions fractions of a second after the Big Bang that created our universe." "If we are lucky," he added, "the ILC will detect a whole new family of particles that might help us to realize Einstein's dream of uniting all the theories of physics into one overarching theory." Decisions on the multi-billion dollar machine looks likely to start by 2015 and construction would take 8-10 years.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":3,"title":"What the experts say"}Plans for the ILC follow the recent discovery of the elusive Higgs Boson, which resulted in professors Peter Higgs and Francois Englert winning the Nobel Prize in Physics last month. The Higgs Boson, a subatomic particle that may help us understand why other particles have mass, was proposed by the two winners (and Robert Brout) back in 1964 but only proved last year by use of a circular particle accelerator called the Large Hadron Collider (pictured) at CERN. cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":4,"title":"Boson breakthrough"}Two scientists show the scale of an earlier accelerator at the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The Super HILAC (Super Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator) was one of the first accelerators that could accelerate the ions of all known natural elements to energies where they could be smashed apart. The lab is aptly named after Ernest Lawrence who invented the first circular accelerator at the University of California, Berkeley, back in 1929.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":5,"title":" Super HILAC 1972"}It looks like a prop from a sci-film but in fact it's a research vessel called a bubble chamber. The bubble chamber was first used back in 1970 to detect subatomic particles called neutrinos. By filling the device with super hot liquid hydrogen scientists were able to watch particles interact. This 15-foot version was installed in the Bubble Chamber Building at U.S. research center Fermilab in 1971. Now obsolete, the chamber has been on public display since 2004.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":6,"title":"Bubble chamber 1970"}
Plans for the ILC follow the recent discovery of the elusive Higgs Boson, which resulted in professors Peter Higgs and Francois Englert winning the Nobel Prize in Physics last month. The Higgs Boson, a subatomic particle that may help us understand why other particles have mass, was proposed by the two winners (and Robert Brout) back in 1964 but only proved last year by use of a circular particle accelerator called the Large Hadron Collider (pictured) at CERN. cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":4,"title":"Boson breakthrough"}
Two scientists show the scale of an earlier accelerator at the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The Super HILAC (Super Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator) was one of the first accelerators that could accelerate the ions of all known natural elements to energies where they could be smashed apart. The lab is aptly named after Ernest Lawrence who invented the first circular accelerator at the University of California, Berkeley, back in 1929.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":5,"title":" Super HILAC 1972"}
It looks like a prop from a sci-film but in fact it's a research vessel called a bubble chamber. The bubble chamber was first used back in 1970 to detect subatomic particles called neutrinos. By filling the device with super hot liquid hydrogen scientists were able to watch particles interact. This 15-foot version was installed in the Bubble Chamber Building at U.S. research center Fermilab in 1971. Now obsolete, the chamber has been on public display since 2004.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":6,"title":"Bubble chamber 1970"}
Up, Down, Strange, Charm, Bottom and Top. These are the six 'flavors' of quarks. But you can't taste them -- they're the elementary particles that make up bigger particles such as neutrons and protons. Quarks exist only fleetingly outside of these particles and thus only be detected by their behaviour in high-energy collisions, which is precisely what happened back in 1968 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (pictured), when scientists observed Up and Down quarks. Initially proposed by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964, the discovery of quarks gave further credence to the "Standard Model" of physics and prior to the discovery of a Higgs Boson was widely regarded as the most significant advancement in physics of the last 50 years.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":7,"title":"Discovery of quarks 1968"}In the throes of World War II, an important letter arrived for President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Written by Hungarian scientist Léo Szilárd and signed by Albert Einstein, the letter warned the President that Germany may be working on a powerful bomb. For the previous 10 years Szilárd, along with Italian scientist Enrico Fermi, had been experimenting with nuclear chain reactions and had filed a patent for a simple nuclear chain reactor. Finally, on December 2, 1942, the first artificial nuclear chain reaction took place in a racquets court at the University of Chicago (artist's impression). This launched the Manhattan Project and three years later the U.S. produced the first atomic bomb.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":8,"title":"Nuclear chain reactor 1942"}Szilárd was a canny young scientist who also filed a patent for the electron microscope back in 1928. However, it was Ernst Ruska in 1933 who managed to build the first electron microscope that exceeded the resolution of a standard light microscope. His invention, today an everyday piece of research equipment, used electron beams to illuminate tiny specimens and produce a magnified image of their structure.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":9,"title":"Electron microscope 1933"}This very instrument was used by the scientist Sir James Chadwick, who discovered the neutron. As a young man he studied radiation in Germany under the creator of the counter, Hans Geiger. The Geiger counter detects the emission of nuclear radiation and is perhaps one of the world's best known radiation instruments. Still in Germany when WW1 broke out, Chadwick spent a few years in a detention camp west of Berlin, but after the war went on to be knighted for his achievements in physics.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":10,"title":"The Geiger counter 1932"}The most famous equation ever written by arguably the most famous scientist ever to live, Einstein's greatest tool was his brain. This is the earliest and longest manuscript on relativity that he ever wrote. In it he negates many assumptions made in earlier physical theories and redefines concepts of space, time, matter, energy, and gravity. While the equation denotes his theory of special relativity, which is concerned with light, Einstein's theory of general relativity helps us to understand planetary dynamics and the evolution of the universe. cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":11,"title":"Einstein\'s theory of relativity 1916 "}This apparatus was used to discover the electron. In 1896, in Cambridge, Joseph John Thomson began experiments on cathode rays. Thomson showed that the cathode rays were particles with a negative charge and much smaller than an atom. They were later named electrons and in 1906 Thomson was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for discovering one of the fundamental building blocks of matter.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":12,"title":"Cathode used to discover electron 1897"}This device was developed by French physicist Pierre Curie and used by him and his wife, Marie Curie, in radioactivity investigations. Both were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics alongside Henri Becquerel in 1903 for their pioneering work in spontaneous radioactivity -- a term that Marie coined. Marie Curie went on to use her knowledge of radioactivity extensively in medicine, for example to treat tumors. With it, she also discovered the elements polonium and radium.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":13,"title":"Ionisation chamber 1896"}It may not look very complicated, but when Michael Faraday spent 10 days winding two long pieces of copper wire around an iron ring, he may not have realized the magnitude of his what he was doing. When he passed an electric current through one coiled wire, it induced electricity in the other -- he had created the first electric transformer. Today, transformers are crucial to mass supply of electricity to towns and cities as they reduce high-voltage electricity generated by power stations to a lower, safer voltage.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":14,"title":"Faraday ring 1831"}This is the glass prism used by Sir William Herschel to discover infrared radiation. He discovered this invisible type of radiation by studying the area just past red on the color spectrum. To his surprise, it was hotter than all the rest. He was the first person to discover forms of light that are not visible to the human eye. Oh yes, and he also discovered Uranus and wrote 24 symphonies.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":15,"title":"Glass prism 1800"}Could this really be the tree under which Sir Isaac Newton sat and conceived the universal theory of gravity as an apple conked him on the head? Well, we're pretty sure it isn't, considering the story itself is widely considered to be apocryphal. But, according to the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences at the University of Cambridge, where Newton was a fellow, it was taken as a cutting from the alleged tree at Newton's birthplace in Woolsthorpe Manor, UK. Other alleged cuttings have been replanted as far as Nebraska, Vancouver, and Tokyo.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":16,"title":"Isaac Newton\'s apple tree 1687"}Here are two of the telescopes belonging to Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, who was famous for the improvements he made to the instrument. With his advancements in observational astronomy he was the first to see craters on the moon and confirmed the four largest satellites of Jupiter.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":17,"title":"Galileo\'s telescope circa 1640"}HIDE CAPTIONCan we solve the mysteries of the universe?Atom smasherWhat the experts sayBoson breakthrough Super HILAC 1972Bubble chamber 1970Discovery of quarks 1968Nuclear chain reactor 1942Electron microscope 1933The Geiger counter 1932Einstein's theory of relativity 1916 Cathode used to discover electron 1897Ionisation chamber 1896Faraday ring 1831Glass prism 1800Isaac Newton's apple tree 1687Galileo's telescope circa 1640<<<
In the throes of World War II, an important letter arrived for President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Written by Hungarian scientist Léo Szilárd and signed by Albert Einstein, the letter warned the President that Germany may be working on a powerful bomb. For the previous 10 years Szilárd, along with Italian scientist Enrico Fermi, had been experimenting with nuclear chain reactions and had filed a patent for a simple nuclear chain reactor. Finally, on December 2, 1942, the first artificial nuclear chain reaction took place in a racquets court at the University of Chicago (artist's impression). This launched the Manhattan Project and three years later the U.S. produced the first atomic bomb.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":8,"title":"Nuclear chain reactor 1942"}
Szilárd was a canny young scientist who also filed a patent for the electron microscope back in 1928. However, it was Ernst Ruska in 1933 who managed to build the first electron microscope that exceeded the resolution of a standard light microscope. His invention, today an everyday piece of research equipment, used electron beams to illuminate tiny specimens and produce a magnified image of their structure.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":9,"title":"Electron microscope 1933"}
This very instrument was used by the scientist Sir James Chadwick, who discovered the neutron. As a young man he studied radiation in Germany under the creator of the counter, Hans Geiger. The Geiger counter detects the emission of nuclear radiation and is perhaps one of the world's best known radiation instruments. Still in Germany when WW1 broke out, Chadwick spent a few years in a detention camp west of Berlin, but after the war went on to be knighted for his achievements in physics.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":10,"title":"The Geiger counter 1932"}
The most famous equation ever written by arguably the most famous scientist ever to live, Einstein's greatest tool was his brain. This is the earliest and longest manuscript on relativity that he ever wrote. In it he negates many assumptions made in earlier physical theories and redefines concepts of space, time, matter, energy, and gravity. While the equation denotes his theory of special relativity, which is concerned with light, Einstein's theory of general relativity helps us to understand planetary dynamics and the evolution of the universe. cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":11,"title":"Einstein\'s theory of relativity 1916 "}
This apparatus was used to discover the electron. In 1896, in Cambridge, Joseph John Thomson began experiments on cathode rays. Thomson showed that the cathode rays were particles with a negative charge and much smaller than an atom. They were later named electrons and in 1906 Thomson was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for discovering one of the fundamental building blocks of matter.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":12,"title":"Cathode used to discover electron 1897"}
This device was developed by French physicist Pierre Curie and used by him and his wife, Marie Curie, in radioactivity investigations. Both were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics alongside Henri Becquerel in 1903 for their pioneering work in spontaneous radioactivity -- a term that Marie coined. Marie Curie went on to use her knowledge of radioactivity extensively in medicine, for example to treat tumors. With it, she also discovered the elements polonium and radium.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":13,"title":"Ionisation chamber 1896"}
It may not look very complicated, but when Michael Faraday spent 10 days winding two long pieces of copper wire around an iron ring, he may not have realized the magnitude of his what he was doing. When he passed an electric current through one coiled wire, it induced electricity in the other -- he had created the first electric transformer. Today, transformers are crucial to mass supply of electricity to towns and cities as they reduce high-voltage electricity generated by power stations to a lower, safer voltage.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":14,"title":"Faraday ring 1831"}
This is the glass prism used by Sir William Herschel to discover infrared radiation. He discovered this invisible type of radiation by studying the area just past red on the color spectrum. To his surprise, it was hotter than all the rest. He was the first person to discover forms of light that are not visible to the human eye. Oh yes, and he also discovered Uranus and wrote 24 symphonies.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":15,"title":"Glass prism 1800"}
Could this really be the tree under which Sir Isaac Newton sat and conceived the universal theory of gravity as an apple conked him on the head? Well, we're pretty sure it isn't, considering the story itself is widely considered to be apocryphal. But, according to the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences at the University of Cambridge, where Newton was a fellow, it was taken as a cutting from the alleged tree at Newton's birthplace in Woolsthorpe Manor, UK. Other alleged cuttings have been replanted as far as Nebraska, Vancouver, and Tokyo.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":16,"title":"Isaac Newton\'s apple tree 1687"}
Here are two of the telescopes belonging to Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, who was famous for the improvements he made to the instrument. With his advancements in observational astronomy he was the first to see craters on the moon and confirmed the four largest satellites of Jupiter.cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList.length]={"currentPicture":false,"x":0,"y":0,"pos":17,"title":"Galileo\'s telescope circa 1640"}HIDE CAPTIONCan we solve the mysteries of the universe?Atom smasherWhat the experts sayBoson breakthrough Super HILAC 1972Bubble chamber 1970Discovery of quarks 1968Nuclear chain reactor 1942Electron microscope 1933The Geiger counter 1932Einstein's theory of relativity 1916 Cathode used to discover electron 1897Ionisation chamber 1896Faraday ring 1831Glass prism 1800Isaac Newton's apple tree 1687Galileo's telescope circa 1640<<<
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17>>>Event.observe(window,'load',function(){if(typeof(cnn_adbptrackpgalimg) == 'function' && typeof(cnnArticleGallery) != 'undefined'){cnn_adbptrackpgalimg(cnnArticleGallery.currentImageList[0].image,"International Linear Collider will search for 'unifying theory of everything'");}});STORY HIGHLIGHTSThe International Linear Collider aims to "discover an overarching theory of everything"The vast new facility will increase understanding of the Higgs Boson, commonly known as the "God particle"Research into the particle led to the awarding of this year's Nobel Prize in Physics(CNN) -- "Two professors, both alike in dignity, in fair Geneva where we lay our scene."
When it is finally written, the story of one of the greatest scientific discoveries of our age may begin something like this.Last month, two eminent professors -- Peter Higgs and Francois Englert -- were jointly awarded one of science's greatest honours: the Nobel Prize in Physics.The award came on the back of the dramatic announcement last year that the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), based in Geneva, had made an astonishing discovery: a new particle, a Higgs Boson, had been comprehensively proven to exist.Read: How Google aims to 'solve death'
The Large Hadron Collider in Geneva last year confirmed the existence of a Higgs Boson, popularly known as the 'God particle'. The discovery led to the award of the Nobel Prize in Physics to physicists Peter Higgs and Francois EnglertPhysicists around the world rejoiced -- some wept openly. Years of speculation, theory and research had suddenly been validated.In typical Scandinavian understatement, Staffan Normark, permanent secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said "This year's prize is about something small that makes all the difference."The discovery came as a major puzzle piece in the way physicists understand the universe. The "Standard Model" of physics, which some regard as a "theory of almost everything" suffered from a significant "missing link" before the discovery of the Higgs Boson. Now there seemed to be a reason why particles have mass; now we had a key to understanding our 4% of the universe and perhaps access to understanding the other 96% of the universe as well.But just as one set of answers were being revealed, more questions immediately presented themselves. CNN Labs spoke to some of the world's top physicists about what the discovery of the Higgs Boson means, and what questions now need to be addressed.Read: 'God particle' scientists win physics NobelJoel Butler, a scientist at the prestigious Fermilab laboratory in Illinois said: "The big question is why the Higgs (particle), with a mass more than 100 times that of the proton, is so light. That question is not answered by our picture of the universe"The ILC might help us to realize Einstein's dream of uniting all the theories of physics into oneBrian Foster, European Regional Director for the ILCJon Butterworth, Head of Physics and Astronomy at University College London, says that in his view: "There are issues like what is dark matter? (And) why is the universe mostly matter not antimatter?"Hitoshi Murayama, a professor of physics at UC Berkeley, says: "The main question is this: we have never seen an elementary particle without spin. Electron, quarks, photon, etc all have spins ... The Higgs boson may actually have spin but it is spinning in extra dimensions of space we cannot see. We really need to know the true nature and context of this newly discovered particle."To answer these questions the Large Hadron Collider will soon be joined by another massive experimental facility -- the International Linear Collider (ILC). Like the LHC, the ILC will be a vast machine that stretches for miles beneath the earth. A site for the ILC has yet to be determined.Read: What is the Higgs Boson?The history of science is replete with machines that have helped scientists make significant breakthroughs, providing the kind of quantifiable, testable, reproducible data science requires to progress.From Marie Curie's ionization chamber used in the discovery of spontaneous radioactivity, to Cathode ray tubes which led to the discovery of the electron, to Geiger counters and more recently the Large Hadron Collider, discoveries have come from equipment both big and small; simple and complex. The ILC sits as the latest in a long line of machines designed to advance physics, but what exactly will it do that the LHC cannot?We really need to know the true nature and context of this newly discovered particle.
Hitoshi Murayama, Professor of Physics at UC BerkeleyTim Meyer, Head of Strategic Planning and Communications at TRIUMF, Canada's national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics, says that it will be able to produce many more Higgs particles than the vast collider in Geneva, and will offer new levels of accuracy."The ILC will be able to study the Higgs precisely," he said. "It will be a Higgs factory and will be able to make measurements of the Higgs' properties with 3% relative precision as opposed to the LHC's 25% relative precision, people believe ... The ILC could 'crack open the Higgs' and reveal the mysteries of nature's first spin-zero particle."Brian Foster, the European Regional Director for the International Linear Collider, says that it is not impossible that the vast machine could help us discover an overarching theory of everything."If we are lucky, the ILC can detect a whole new family of particles that might help us to realize Einstein's dream of uniting all the theories of physics into one overarching and conceptually simple theory," Foster says.A decision to begin construction on the International Linear Collider is currently expected by 2015.Monique Rivalland contributed to this article0Comments »SHARE THISPrintEmailMore sharingRedditStumbleUponDelicious/* push in config for this share instance */cnn_shareconfig.push({"id" : "cnn_sharebar2","url" : "http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/tech/innovation/international-linear-collider-higgs/index.html","title" : "International Linear Collider will search for \'unifying theory of everything\'"});
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